Poster Presentations Session 1

December 3rd 2025 | 11:00am - 12:00pm | Ballrooms

• #25 - Aaron Graves - Computational Design of Peptide Inhibitors Targeting Anti-D IgG in Rh Incompatibility

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Biochemistry
  Abstract: Rh incompatibility occurs when anti-D IgG antibodies in a mother cross the placenta and attack the red blood cells of the fetus, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn. While RhoGAM prevents sensitization, there are currently no options for mothers who are already sensitized. This project explores the use of short peptides as potential inhibitors that bind to and block the maternal anti-D IgG antibody.

  Using molecular modeling software, peptide antibody binding simulations will be performed to examine the interactions between anti-D IgG and peptides reported in recent literature. Computational optimization will then be used to design peptide variants with improved binding affinity, selectivity, and potential stability in blood.

  It is anticipated that optimized peptide sequences will exhibit enhanced predicted binding energy and stability relative to the original peptides. These findings could form the foundation for developing targeted peptide based medications capable of blocking antibodies in sensitized pregnancies, offering a potential new avenue for preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn.

• #2 - Abby Snow - Therapeutic Interventions for Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction

  Mentor: Hannah Stedge
  College: College of Health Professions
  Department: Rehabilitation Sciences
  Abstract:  Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders embody a wide range of conditions that affect individuals' joints, muscles, and associated structures; this leads to significant pain, dysfunction, and a reduced quality of life. When it comes to effective management for TMJ a multi-disciplinary approach is recommended. Therefore the purpose of this  literature review was to synthesize the current evidence on conservative, interventional, and upcoming regenerative therapies for TMJ disorders. From August to November of 2025, a literature search was conducted using the terms therapeutic interventions for TMJ on PubMed. Physical therapy is the cornerstone treatment along with manual therapy, and therapeutic exercises, this has shown to significantly reduce pain and improve mobility. Adjunctive therapies include low level laser therapy (LLLT) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), both have shown symptomatic relief. Arthrocentesis and intra-articular injections are now guided by ultrasound improving procedural accuracy and patient outcomes.
  Emerging stem-cell based therapies are starting to show promise in cartilage repair for osteoarthritic TMJ. Foundational diagnostic frameworks emphasize individualism, and evidence-based care. Conservative therapies are first line, but continued advancements in biomaterials and rehabilitation techniques are expanding the therapeutic landscape for TMJ disorders. Further high-quality clinical research is required to validate long-term efficacy and further optimize treatment protocols.

  Key words: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), Manual therapy, Functional rehabilitation

• #46 - Alex Robles - GalNAc-Conjugated siRNA Targeting USP11 Enhances Chemotherapeutic Response in Liver Cancer

  Mentor: Katherine Bowman
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite advances in surgery and systemic therapy, patient outcomes remain poor, and the current standard treatment (sorafenib) provides only modest survival benefits with significant side effects. This project investigates the therapeutic potential of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 11 (USP11), a deubiquitinase that regulates the cell cycle, DNA repair, and oncogenic signaling. USP11 is upregulated in multiple HCC cell lines and contributes to tumor growth and metastasis; therefore, its silencing may enhance the response to chemotherapy.
  To evaluate this hypothesis, USP11-targeting siRNA was transfected into PLC/PRF/5 (PP5), Hep3B, and C3A HCC cell lines. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed USP11 knockdown to less than 10% of untreated controls. MTS assays demonstrated that USP11 silencing lowered the ICâ‚…â‚€ of sorafenib in both PP5 and Hep3B cells, indicating increased drug sensitivity. Most recently, GalNAc-conjugated USP11 siRNA achieved effective knockdown in PP5 cells without lipid-based transfection reagents, validating receptor-mediated delivery as a less cytotoxic and more consistent approach.
  Future work will expand GalNAc-siRNA testing to additional HCC cell lines and assess combination therapy with sorafenib. In collaboration with the Parkman Lab, in vivo studies will evaluate therapeutic efficacy in mouse xenograft models. Our research aims to establish USP11 as a viable therapeutic target and advance siRNA-based strategies toward safer, more effective treatments for liver cancer.

• #38 - Amber Devereaux - AEG-1 siRNA Treatment for Liver Cancer

  Additional Authors: Ashley Gray
  Mentor: Katherine Bowman
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Liver cancer is one of the most aggressive and lethal forms of cancer, with current effective treatments accompanied by horrible side effects. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer and has a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%, decreasing to 3% if metastasized. In 2020, liver cancer was found to be the 6th most common and 2nd most lethal cancer. The rate of death for patients with liver cancer has doubled, and rate of diagnosis has tripled since the 1980s. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are a natural mechanism for regulating gene expression. siRNA interacts with a protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) which uses it as a template to cut matching mRNA strands. This targeted destruction prevents the production of cancer-causing proteins and offers the opportunity to damage cancer cells more than healthy liver cells. Cancer genes, such as astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1/MTDH), are overexpressed in liver cancer, causing an overproduction of proteins that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. AEG-1 is commonly highly upregulated in HCC, evading apoptosis and playing an important role in metastasis. Validation and cell death (MTS) assay experiments for the AEG-1 oncogene in our lab have shown that AEG-1 siRNA a) reduces expression of the target gene in both PP5 and Hep3B liver cancer cells and b) drastically reduces the IC50 (the amount of sorafenib needed to kill half of the cancer cells) in the Hep3B cell line. We plan to begin experimentation soon with N-acetylgalactosamine conjugated with siRNA (NGalAc), which is a method of delivering siRNA treatment specifically to liver cells that has been used successfully in several FDA-approved therapies. If these experiments are successful, we will start liver cancer mouse model experiments.

• #9 - Anemone Burkey - Effect of Rooting Hormone on Coleus Cuttings Rooting Speed, Root Quantity, and Root Length

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: Plant propagation can be done either sexually (through seed germination) or asexually (through plant division, layering, taking cuttings or grafting). Propagation through cuttings has great application in restoration ecology because it can produce grown plants in less time than growing from seed. Taking cuttings can aid in starting plants that are difficult to root, or in creating clones of a well-beloved plant that may be dying, or that is damaged beyond repair. Rooting hormone, (Inolde-3-Burytric Acid (IBA)), is an auxin hormone naturally found in plants. When applied to cuttings, it accelerates root growth by stimulating cell division in the roots and regulating cell elongation. The purpose of this study was to determine if the application of rooting hormone is more beneficial when rooting cuttings of coleus (Coleus sp.) as opposed to simply placing them in water. Three questions were tested: 1) Will applying IBA to coleus cuttings cause them to root out faster than those placed in plain water? 2) Does the IBA encourage more robust roots? 3) Which system will create the longest roots?  A study was performed using a control group (water only) of 36 cuttings and a hormone-treated (IBA applied) group of 38 cuttings. The cuttings in each jar were observed for daily root growth over a span of fourteen days. After which the total number of roots on each cutting, and their longest root’s length, was recorded. Results showed that cuttings treated with IBA developed roots faster than the control group. Cuttings treated with growth hormone also grew a more robust root system on average than the control group. Root length seemed variable. Longer roots were found on those cuttings with less root growth. Those with more robust growth, grew shorter roots in tight clusters.

• #28 - Annaliese Schleve - Allelopathic affects of Myrtle spurge on local grasses

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: The central question of my research is how the allelopathic property of Myrtle spurge (Euphorbia myrsinites), a highly invasive plant, affects a native grass (Bromus inermis). Both of these plants are found commonly in the Ogden area and much of the Wasatch Front. Only a few experiments regarding Myrtle spurge have been published, and most of them were performed on plants we don’t see in Utah, or in the country at all.  
  Research will be performed by creating a leachate of the Myrtle spurge leaves and germinating the seeds in the leachate of different concentrations, with a control of just water. This will be carried out in a growth chamber in the botany lab. Data will be reported graphically, displaying the length of the radicles vs the concentration of leachate. I expect to see a decrease in the length of the radicles as the concentration of the leachate increases. If the Myrtle spurge can inhibit germination, it could have potential as a bioherbicide for removal of the other species, like the related Bromus tectorum. Inhibition of a native species will also stress the importance of the removal of the spurge to protect our native plants.

• #43 - Antony Fraser - Spatial variability of ozone production and ozone precursors during the Wasatch Front's 2024 summer.

  Mentor: Demetrios Pagonis
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Tropospheric ozone is one of the six criteria air pollutants monitored by the environmental protection agency (EPA) and has significant negative effects on lung health. Salt Lake City (SLC) has been in non-attainment of EPA’s ozone criteria since 2018. The production of ozone (O3) is contingent on its precursors, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOC). By using chemical and meteorological data collected from EPA’s historical database, the Department of Environmental Quality’s (DEQ’s) gas chromatographers, and from the Utah Summer Ozone Study 2024, ozone production can be estimated. Leighton ratios (LR) were used to infer the production rate of ozone, alongside NOx and Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) to observe the dominant pollutant regime of the area. These observations were taken from three different locations across the Wasatch front, Hawthorn, Erda, and Red Butte, to determine spatial variability. Using the LR, NOx, and NMVOC data gathered, the dominant regime of each location was found, alongside the summertime LR, and how the ratio of NOx to NMVOCs affected the LR. Hawthorn was found to be in a NOx saturated regime, Erda was a transitional regime, and Red Butte was a VOC dominant regime.

• #50 - Anya Midavaine - Seasonal Trends in Metabolic Diversity in Great Salt Lake Sediment

  Additional Authors: Rylee Wamhoff, Holland Vernon, Frankie Van Pamel, Lea Bradford
  Mentor: Carie Frantz
  College: College of Science
  Department: Earth & Environmental Sciences
  Abstract: As one of the most critical ecosystems in the state, the Great Salt Lake provides a vital habitat for many species, both large and small, and supports industries ranging from ecotourism to brine shrimp farming. Microbialites and soil microbes are crucial to maintaining the stability of this ecosystem. As water levels decline with water overuse and rising temperatures, concerns have been raised regarding the integrity of the lake's microbial communities. This study provided a baseline for understanding sediment microbial communities in the south arm of the lake and how they change seasonally during a period of moderate lake elevation and salinity in 2019-2021, prior to the lake's historic low in 2021-2022. Sediment cores were collected from two different locations offshore Antelope Island throughout the year, sectioned by depth, and microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced. Here, we present the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which revealed a diverse and variable microbial community. By mapping identified taxa to likely metabolisms, we were able to look for how the sediment microbial community is likely influencing biogeochemical cycling in the lake, and how those patterns change seasonally. Carbon-degrading organisms, including chemoheterotrophs, fermentors, and sulfur species reducers were particularly abundant in the dataset, highlighting the importance of sediment communities to carbon cycling in the lake. It is important that we understand the seasonal trends in this microbial community as a healthy baseline before the sediments were shocked by desiccation. Unfortunately there is limited data from the two sites because rapid lake level fall in 2021-2022 caused them to dry out. This illustrates the real danger that we may not be able to fully understand the microbial role in the environment in the face of rapid change that could forever alter the system.

• #57 - Aspen Van Vliet - Good Permutations and Latin Squares

  Mentor: Henry Azubuike
  College: College of Science
  Department: Mathematics
  Abstract: A permutation (a_1,a_2, ..., a_n) of {1, 2, ..., n} is called good if the entries of (1 + a_1, 2 + a_2, ..., n + a_n) are distinct modulo n. We obtain some partial results on the problem of determining all positive integers n for which there exist good permutations. In particular, we show that every odd
  n has a good permutation. Our methods make connections with Latin squares. We show a relationship between good permutations and a class
  of n × n Latin squares with Zn entries such that the main diagonal is distinct. We further determine a lower bound for the number of good permutations for a fixed n and show that in some cases this bound is strict. These questions were proposed by H. A. ShahAli in MAA's Mathematics Magazine Problems for Fall 2025.

• #41 - Bipul Shrestha - Towards Safer Cancer Therapies: Computational Redesign of the MCL1 Inhibitor S63845

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract:

  Background:
  Myeloid cell leukemia1 (MCL1) is an anti-apoptotic protein of the BCL-2 family whose overexpression helps cancer cells to evade programmed cell death. The inhibitor S63845 was the first compound to bind selectively to the BH3-groove of MCL1 and restore apoptosis in cancer cells. Although highly potent, later studies revealed dose-dependent cardiac and hematopoietic toxicity, which limits its therapeutic potential.

  Aim:
  To analyze the crystal structure of the complex (PDB 5FDO) and design new  S63845 analogs with improved pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, while maintaining strong binding affinity and selectivity for MCL1.

  Methods
  The PDB 5FDO structure will be analyzed using Schrödinger Maestro to identify key binding residues. Modified analogs of S63845 will be generated and docked to MCL1 to evaluate binding scores, hydrogen bonding. Predicted ADMET properties will be calculated using ADMET.ai and SwissADME.

  Results
  Docking and ADMET studies are underway and are expected to reveal analogs that retain strong MCL1 binding while showing better solubility and lower predicted toxicity.

  Conclusion:
  This study uses computational modeling to redesign S63845 analogs that balances potency with reduced toxicity, providing foundation for developing safer MCL1-targeted cancer therapies and accelerating early drug discovery.

• #48 - Brenna Pickett - Understanding Diabetes Risk Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence

  Additional Authors: Dunn Cardona
  Mentor: Jishan Ahmed
  College: College of Science
  Department: Data Science/Mathematics
  Abstract: This project asks a simple, practical question: what can a few everyday health signals 'body size, basic blood tests, and a quick activity check' tell us about age group and diabetes risk. Using NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), this project will examine whether body mass index (BMI), fasting and 2-hour glucose, insulin, sex, and self-reported vigorous activity can predict whether someone is a teen vs. adult and whether they report a diabetes diagnosis. It will also look at how exercise relates to blood sugar, how BMI, insulin and glucose move together, and whether these patterns differ by sex.

  Using a subset of NHANES participants, interpretable modeling techniques will be employed. This includes logistic regression and random forests, combined with preprocessing pipelines, cross-validation, and feature importance analyses. It is expected that BMI, glucose, insulin, and activity will add a meaningful signal for classifying age group and diabetes status, with insulin potentially acting as a “middle link” between BMI and glucose. Results will be read with care for sex differences, data limitations, and ethical considerations, aiming to turn routine measurements into useful insights about lifestyle, biomarkers, and health outcomes in a U.S. sample.

• #30 - Casey Reeder - Investigation in the electrochemical changes of nonstoichiometric nickel oxide due to lower annealing temperatures

  Mentor: Brandon Burnett
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Nonstoichiometric nickel oxide shows significant durability and water resistance while also maintaining conductive capabilities making it a valuable material for hole transporting layers (HTL) in solar cells. Recent research has found that nickel oxide HTLs outperform the commonly used, hygroscopic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) HTL in both power conversion efficiency (PCE) and durability to weathering conditions. Unfortunately previous studies use annealing temperatures 275 °C and above. [1] Here, lower annealing temperatures of 260 °C, 250 °C and 225 °C were investigated for the preparation of nickel oxide HTLs. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed comparable elemental composition, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) verified similar phase transitions to those observed in higher-temperature treatments.

• #16 - Chloe Painter - Phenolic and Antioxidant Allocation Between Vegetative and Reproductive Tissue in two Irtemisia tridentata subspecies

  Additional Authors: Mattie Ferrell, Miriah Thompson, Sydney Stone, Zachary Araujo
  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to critically examine and compare the concentrations of phenols and antioxidants in two co-occurring subspecies of Artemisia, Big Sagebrush  A. t. ssp. vaseyana and Wyoming Sagebrush A. t. ssp. Wyomingensis. The findings of this study carry dual significance as they inform herbivore ecology through compound retention in Artemisia in late fall, which is critical for understanding seasonal concentrations that contribute to livestock toxicosis (e.g., “sage sickness”) through the grazing of sheep and horses. Additionally, they quantify bioactive chemotypes in Artemisia subspecies, which may have potentially higher concentrations than those previously used in Artemisia species in current cancer research studies, thereby expanding the possibilities of determining which subspecies is most suited for usage based on its bioactive chemotypes. The study utilizes methanol extracts from dried perennial leaves and flowering bodies of each subspecies to conduct a Folin-Ciocalteu phenolic assay on a gallic acid curve and an antioxidant capacity assessment via the DPPH Spot Test to determine concentrations. I hypothesize that the concentration of secondary metabolites will be higher in perennial leaves than in flowering bodies in both subspecies, potentially informing the selection of superior plant material for future biomedical research and guiding herding strategies seasonally to prevent sickness in grazing animals.

• #22 - Cody Zundel - Investigation of Small Molecule Inhibition of the PD-1_PD-L1 Complex through Computational Modeling

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Biochemistry
  Abstract: Inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 complex has led to breakthroughs in cancer treatment for gastrointestinal, melanoma, hepatic, and non-small cell lung cancer patients. Current treatment methods involve IV infusions each lasting 30 to 60 minutes. Additionally, the drugs are composed of modified Ig Antibodies produced through biological means. This increases their cost and production difficulty. Small molecule inhibition of the complex provides a cheaper and easier alternative. In theory, these drugs could be administered orally and would be cheaper to produce via organic synthesis. Currently, there are no small molecule inhibitors on the market. Several have been tried or are being tried in clinical trials. Through computational modeling, we seek to identify novel molecules for inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 complex. Using known promising structures, we modified and tested the binding affinities of our novel molecule. We hypothesize we can create an assay of small molecule inhibitors with comparable binding affinity and inhibition to large molecule inhibitors. These molecules can then be used for further research in vitro and vivo.

• #56 - Dante Smith - Image AI Effect Analysis

  Mentor: Jishan Ahmed
  College: College of Science
  Department: Mathematics
  Abstract: AI Image Effect Analysis
  It's no secret that the illustrious facade of AI is everywhere. From meddling with English standards, to sorting through mounds of code. And yet, it's beginning to seep into a different property, unlike mere words that are read, but into what our eyes perceive. As companies and influencers begin to use AI in their advertisements and such, does the alarming rate of 'whitewashing' begin to degrade our sense between humanly created and artificial images? As an ever growing topic with little research, the following study 'supported by EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)' to understand the newborn. First, gathering 100 respondents, they answered a short survey. Inclusion of their name, age, and most importantly, time spent on the internet was followed by a 20 question quiz. These 20 questions, ranging in difficulty, are simply a two choice answer. The tester must determine which image is AI generated, or human made. However, difficulty increases, hence question 1 being the easiest and 10 almost impossible. Once done, the testers are given a score. With a score of 20 being the highest, meaning they scored correctly, thus having little to no impairment in differentiating between human objects. In respect, a score of 0-10 represents a significant impairment. Currently in the process of extracting the data carefully, capturing a possible spectrum where individuals ranging from 50+ have an impacted impairment, and those around 20-30 not, could prove youthful brain health. Taking time spent on the internet as a variable might indicate that spending more time might lead to drained perception, or a stronger presentation. In conclusion, finding a better understanding, and for the world, might prove just how impactful AI can be to our cognitive ability.

• #35 - David Garey - Increasing Sorafenib Efficacy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via ECT2 siRNA Knockdown

  Mentor: Katherine Bowman
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: This projects evaluates if short-interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the ECT2 oncogene can increase the vulnerability of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to sorafenib (FDA-approved chemotherapy for liver cancer), thereby reducing the effective dose of the drug required for treatment. HCC is one of the most common and deadly liver cancers with only a 22% 5-year survival rate. Not only are the survival rates dismal, but chemotherapy treatment results in many side effects. Lowering the effective concentration of sorafenib required for treatment could greatly improve patient outcomes. siRNA provides a highly-specific mechanism for silencing the expression of unwanted genes by targeting only the mRNA it is programmed to bind to. ECT2 is an oncogene that is commonly overexpressed in liver cancers, causing tumor growth by inhibiting natural cellular processes like apoptosis and increasing cell proliferation. PP5 cells, a commonly studied liver cancer cell line, were grown and seeded into two 96-well plates. One of these plates was treated with ECT2 siRNA and one was left as a control. Then, a series of chemotherapy dilutions were used to treat individual columns in the plate. An MTS Assay was used to determine the concentrations of viable cells left in each well. Initial data shows that treatment of cells with combined sorafenib and siRNA significantly reduces the IC50 compared to treatment with sorafenib alone, indicating improved drug effectiveness at lower concentrations. Future experiments will test the treatment across multiple HCC cell lines to determine consistency of the treatment in a variety of genetic environments.

• #21 - Davina Kamikazi - Web-Based Tool for Medical Image Labeling  and Analysis in Ophthalmology

  Additional Authors: James Payne
  Mentor: YuJung Chun
  College: College of Engineering, Applied Science & Technology
  Department: Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
  Abstract: This project develops a secure, web-based platform for the visualization, annotation, and analysis of three-dimensional ophthalmic optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. The goal is to streamline medical image labeling and enable real-time collaboration in research and clinical settings, addressing the limitations of existing software that often require local installation and lack multi-user accessibility. OCT is a noninvasive imaging technique that captures high-resolution cross-sectional views of the retina, making it vital for diagnosing conditions such as papilledema—a form of optic disc swelling often misrepresented by commercial OCT software.

  The system processes raw OCT data as voxel volumes and supports interactive surface editing, adjustable smoothing across slices, thickness map generation, and registration of multiple scans for longitudinal analysis. Developed using Django and modern web technologies, the platform provides synchronized x-, y-, and z-axis B-scan views with crosshair indicators linking corresponding slices.

  Following an iterative, research-driven development methodology, the project emphasizes usability, data security, and medical compliance. The prototype demonstrates improved accessibility and efficiency for ophthalmic image analysis. Expected outcomes include a flexible and extensible framework supporting researchers, clinicians, and future student developers, with future work focused on cloud deployment and integration of automated analysis tools.

• #33 - Diana Castro - Designing the Next-Generation Tafamidis Analogs to Strengthen Transthyretin Tetramer Stability

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis is a fatal disease caused by the dissociation of the TTR tetramer into misfolded monomers, which then aggregate into amyloid fibrils. Tafamidis is the first small-molecule drug approved to treat TTR amyloidosis; it stabilizes the tetramer by binding at the dimer-dimer interface and preventing dissociation. However, Tafamidis exhibits negative cooperativity between its two binding sites, limiting its overall stabilizing efficacy. This project aims to computationally design and evaluate Tafamidis analogs with stronger and more balanced binding at both TTR binding sites to enhance TTR tetramer stability, with particular emphasis on the V30M mutant. Using Schrödinger Maestro, analogs were generated via LigPrep, docked into both wild-type and V30M mutant TTR using Glide, and evaluated through Desmond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Stabilization potential was predicted by analyzing key metrics, including binding energies, hydrogen-bond persistence, and dimer-dimer interface distances. This research addresses a limitation of therapeutic options for amyloidosis, as the design of superior TTR stabilizers could lead to more effective pharmacological therapies and improved patient outcomes.

• #58 - Elizabeth Bouwhuis - Antibiotic-resistant Biofilms: Destruction of the Hospital Acquired Infection, Acinetobacter baumannii

  Additional Authors: Kinsey Blatter, Jared Nielson, Ryan Richardson, James Whitten
  Mentor: Daniel Clark
  College: College of Science
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii are dangerous hospital-associated bacteria. Acinetobacter exhibits a remarkable resistance to antibiotics, making it a significant concern internationally. It particularly targets patients who are extremely ill, with open wounds, or with breathing problems, causing hospital-acquired pneumonia. It can also infect the central nervous system, soft tissue, and bone.

  Bacteria such as Acinetobacter tend to form biofilms, which are composed of bacteria and their sticky secreted substances. In clinical settings, biofilms commonly form on the surfaces of medical equipment, such as catheters and IV lines. Biofilms act as a protective layer, preventing attacks from the immune system, environmental damage, and antibiotics. New treatments that can penetrate biofilms are essential in the age of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

  Bacteriophage (phage) are viruses that infect specific species of bacteria. Some phage are effective at penetrating layers of biofilm and can be used to treat infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It is expected that phage therapy combined with effective antibiotics will help combat the growing problem of antibiotic resistance.

  To test this hypothesis, we obtained fourteen strains of Acinetobacter from the Utah Public Health Laboratory, and selected one strain that was highly susceptible to a phage we isolated in our lab. We then grew the Acinetobacter using a bioreactor to form biofilms on surfaces for testing. These biofilms were treated with antibiotics and phage. To determine how much phage and antibiotics (Fosfomycin and Meropenem) to use for treatment, we added high-to-low concentrations of each and measured bacterial growth over time using a microplate reader. Phage killing and antibiotic growth inhibition were then measured and found to interact to kill this emerging disease causing bacteria.

• #7 - Gabriela Benavides - Hydro-Auditory effects on Philodendron morphology

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: My study investigates whether Philodendron plants exhibit hydrotropism toward auditory cues associated with the sound of trickling water from a fountain. This experiment was conducted in three, ten days increments over a 30-day period using Philodendron plant specimens. The specimens were placed in transparent glass containers in a controlled indoor environment. To create a potential exhibition of hydrotropism, a small water fountain was placed approximately 6 inches away from the Philodendron plants. The fountain was left consistently on, and the Philodendron morphology was observed, and documented. The consistent trickling of water was maintained in order to encourage hydro seeking behavior from both the roots and the shoots. My observations focused on movement changes in shoot, and root growth within the clear containers. Measurements and documentation were taken in two-day intervals to quantify growth of direction. This study aimed to explore whether hydro sounds alone would influence the orientation of plant growth. My findings contribute to understanding the sensitivity of plants, and their extent to which their environmental signals play in their growth.

• #55 - Gracie Hope - Analysis of Fault Scarp Data Ogden

  Additional Authors: Ravyn Haselden, Hunter Child, Hannah Foate-Hall
  Mentor: Nicolas Perez
  College: College of Science
  Department: Geosciences
  Abstract: A fault scarp is a topographic feature formed at the Earth's surface from the vertical displacement along a fault line due to an earthquake. Once a fault scarp forms it will begin to degrade (erode) over time. The age of a fault scarp can be estimated using geochronology or using a diffusion equation applied to the topographic profile of the scarp (morphological dating). In the morphological dating method, measurements are made on the scarp, such as the vertical displacement, maximum angle of the scarp and the slope of the pre-rupture surface. These measured parameters together with a diffusivity constant are then used to solve for the age of the scarp in the diffusion equation. Ages of faults scarps can be used to calculate recurrence of surface rupturing earthquakes in an area, which can help prepare for future earthquakes. Data from fault scarps in Ogden have not been thoroughly documented and thus more accurate data would assist in predictions of future earthquakes and severity. To do this we will use publicly available LIDAR topographic data to create elevation profiles at several points along two fault scarps. The topographic profiles will be used to determine the age of the two scarps using the fault scarp degradation equation. The study area is located near the 22nd Street Trailhead in Ogden, Utah. Using calculated ages gathered from fault scarp data, we will compile frequency vs. age tables to determine the median ages of the fault scarps. Finally, we will test the sensitivity of the results by changing our diffusion constant k to determine the influence of k on scarp dating, and if a more precise value of k needs to be found for this area. This study will investigate the reliance of scarp dating in the Ogden area and the current proposed recurrence interval of earthquakes.

• #5 - Hayley Walker - Allelopathic Impacts of Euphorbia myrsinites on Germination and Growth Rates of Eschscholzia californica.

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: Myrtle Spurge (Euphorbia myrsinites) is a highly adaptable, drought-tolerant, and aesthetically pleasing plant, making it an appealing option to beautify northern Utah yards. Unfortunately, it is classified as a noxious invasive species and poses risks to humans and animals. As a result of being grown in Ogden yards, Myrtle Spurge has spread to the Ogden foothills and can be found in dense, thriving patches. While we know of the dangers to humans and animals, does Myrtle Spurge pose a risk to the plants that grow around it? Does Myrtle Spurge have a negative allelopathic effect on the germination and early growth of native plants found along northern Utah's foothills? A simple bioassay experiment is utilized to get an introductory understanding of whether or not allelopathic chemicals are present and if they impact germination and early growth rates. Two stock solutions, one made of root extract and the other of stem/leaf extract, are applied to California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica) seeds, and germination rates are observed. Existing research on phytotoxic allelochemicals from roots and plant parts has been conducted on Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) and other Euphorbia species; however, direct research investigating allelopathy in Myrtle Spurge remains limited. Understanding the potential impact Myrtle Spurge may have on the biodiversity of plants around it can help inform both gardeners and our future management and removal efforts in natural spaces. It is expected that both the root and stem/leaf extract solutions will inhibit germination and early growth rates among the California Poppy seeds compared to the control group, demonstrating the presence of allelopathic chemicals in Myrtle Spurge and its potential risk to plants trying to grow near it.

• #37 - Hudson Porter - Making a Mountain out of Methotrexate

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Methotrexate or MTX is a wonderful and effective drug, it is used to treat autoimmune disorders and a specific type of lymphoma. However, MTX is quickly resisted by human cells when exposure is prolonged and it has a high toxicity so it is highly regulated when used. This begs the question if modifying MTX at a structural level can reduce its toxicity and improve its therapeutic effects when used for medical treatment. Using a series of in silico methods including 3-D docking reference, computational analysis of effective structures and using comparative literature to determine the most effective additions and removals of the drug that will make safe and effective for patient use. Documenting each test to give a final comparison of MTX's many potential forms to determine if a modification can be made to its oral pill form is how all results will be analyzed. Either an effective way will be found to improve MTX using one of these methods which will make the pill better for patients or no changes may be possible to improve MTX's current pill design meaning another way is needed to reduce general toxicity in this specific medication.

• #59 - Ian Ford - Feeding activity of the brain-eating amoeba: blocking Naegleria fowleri with treatment drugs

  Additional Authors: Anya Midavaine, Khoi Dinh, Brandon Clawson
  Mentor: Daniel Clark
  College: College of Science
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract: Brain-eating amoeba Naegleria fowleri:  Feeding activity reduced by treatment drugs
  What drugs will kill the brain-eating amoeba? Only four survivors out of 154 cases of Naegleria fowleri have occurred in the US, and those that survive are likely to suffer from minor brain damage, immune reactions, or adverse side effects from the drug treatment. Each survivor was treated with amphotericin B, but many fatal cases also attempted this drug.
  Infections are rare, but what makes N. fowleri dangerous is its speed (time to death is around four days post-exposure) and thus how difficult it is to diagnose and treat. We have some basic information about potential drugs: The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) list amphotericin B, fluconazole, rifampin, azithromycin, nitroxoline, and miltefosine. We investigated the effectiveness of combinations of these drugs on cultured human cells infected with N. fowleri.
  We hypothesized that each of the selected drugs would have varying levels of effectiveness at reducing the amoeba’s feeding levels. The investigational drugs were tested by first measuring toxicity on the amoeba to establish the appropriate dose of each drug. We then set up cultures of amoeba in 24-well plates and presented them with fluorescent plastic beads to eat, and treated them with the appropriate dose of each drug for 24-48 hours. Amoeba killed due to drug inhibition were unable to eat beads and remained negative for fluorescence when measured with a flow cytometer. 
  We found that amphotericin B and azithromycin reduced the brain-eating amoeba’s ability to feed by 40%, while the other four drugs were ineffective or caused only a modest reduction in amoeba activity. We will next investigate combinations of drugs and run variations of our infection model. These findings will inform clinical practice as physicians attempt to save the lives of those infected with this killer

• #12 - Ivonne Camas - How does the microclimate affect the light compensation point in moss species?

  Additional Authors: Olivia Austad
  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: Plant productivity can be affected through multiple types of factors, but are dependent on environmental conditions to survive and function in different microclimates. One way of measuring this is through a plant' light compensation point (LCP). This is understood to be the point where the rate of a plant's carbon dioxide intake through photosynthesis is equal to the rate of carbon dioxide release through respiration. This research attempts to make a unique contribution by using a quantitative approach to explore the phenotypic plasticity of moss in contrasting microhabitats, focusing on the central question: How does the microclimate affect the light compensation point in moss species?

  Two samples from the same species of moss will be taken from two different microclimates. A light response curve for each moss will then be created using a LI-COR machine with a bryophyte chamber to measure the photosynthetic rate at different light intensities and determine the point at which photosynthetic gain and respiratory loss are equal. Expected results would be a reflection on the principles of phenotype plasticity and light adaptation. The expected results would show that the moss sample taken from a lower light microclimate will exhibit a lower LCP in comparison to the moss sample taken from a higher light microclimate. Since light environments can vary a plant species or a plant individual's LCP, it can be suggested that certain populations adjust their physiological mechanism to limit carbon loss when in low light conditions and is important for shaping plant function.

• #19 - Jacob Hebertson - Examining the relationship between stem length and elevation for various plant species on the Beus Canyon Trail

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract:The elevation of a plant habitat has a profound impact on the composition of the plant community. Previous studies have shown that different plants will have different optimal elevations at which they grow. This is partially due to changes in competition and facilitation in plant communities as certain species become more or less dominant. To better understand how this applies to a local ecosystem, I am measuring the stem lengths of five different understory species that are common across the elevation gradient of the Beus Canyon trail (Pteridium aquilinum, Equisetum hyemale, Bromus inermis, Quercus gambelii, Paxistima myrsinites) at sites between elevations of 5,250 feet to 6,500 feet. I am also measuring the other environmental conditions at each site to determine if other factors, such as proximity to water or canopy cover, are more explanatory than elevation for the varying structure of plant communities along the trail. If changing elevation is the most apparent factor that changes the structure of plant communities, the data will show the relative impacts of elevation on the understory species of the Beus Canyon trail. Trends in the data may also suggest how competition and facilitation between species change at different elevations.

• #20 - Jaden Reynolds - How Does Aspect Affect The Growth of Quercus Gambelii(Gamble Oak)?

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: Gamble oak is utilized by many species of plants and animals for shelter and food. It is very adaptable to its environment and exhibits several forms of growth. Gamble oak can grow into tall trees or bushy shrubs with multiple stems emerging from the same plant. This species of oak is also important for retaining soil and preventing erosion, providing a habitat for nearby understory plant species. I have conducted research to gain a better understanding of how the aspect (N, S, E, W) of a slope affects the growth of Gamble oak. To test this, I have measured the DBH (diameter at breast height) of each plant in multiple 10-foot radius plots on north, south, east, and west-facing slopes. Plots were all located between 5,000 and 5,500 ft in elevation, in the middle of the range where Gamble oak grows. Data collected from the plots will be presented in graphs, illustrating the differences in size and number of growths in each location. With these measurements, I can calculate and determine the total basal area of each plot to get the total Gamble oak ground density on each aspect. I predict that Gamble oak will grow taller in areas with other tall-growing species nearby, and shorter to the ground in regions without taller-growing species. This study will contribute to the understanding of how Gamble oak’s growth can vary, as well as its relationship to the environmental factors in which it resides.

• #29 - Jaren Ewell - Effect of Silica-Aluminum Ratio in Faujasite on Desorption of Indomethacin

  Mentor: Andressa Bertolazzo
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Zeolites are a group of microporous materials formed mainly with Aluminum, Silica, and Oxygen. Research has been done into microporous materials as they have a variety of interesting features such as similar pore sizes and large surface areas. Recently, research has been carried out to use zeolite as a drug delivery system. Indomethacin is an anti-pain drug for those with Rheumatoid arthritis but is poorly soluble in water. Encapsulation of Indomethacin in a zeolite structure will allow a better release for indomethacin as an oral drug. Prior research has found the faujasite structure to be the best at adsorbing and desorbing indomethacin, but not much research has been made to determine how the ratio of Silica to Aluminum (SAR) affects the ability to adsorb and desorb Indomethacin from a Zeolite framework. In this study, zeolites with the faujasite structure at different SAR were obtained and indomethacin was adsorbed into the faujasites. Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) was used to confirm loading of indomethacin into the zeolite pores. The samples were then desorbed in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and quantified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The actual results from the HPLC have not been received, but expected result is that the faujasite with the largest SAR will be the best at desorbing the indomethacin.

• #31 - Jenna Wasden - D-Mannose: A Potential Sweet Solution for Preventing Urinary Tract Infections

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect 50% of women in their lifetime, highlighting the need for non-antibiotic prevention strategies. This study investigates the potential of D-mannose to prevent UTIs caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus). The primary proposed mechanism involves D-mannose binding to the FimH protein on E. coli to inhibit bacterial adhesion. In silico, molecular docking was used to evaluate the binding affinity of D-mannose and several modified analogs to the FimH active site. Molecular docking was also performed to identify and test potential binding targets on S. saprophyticus, for which the adhesion mechanism is unconfirmed. Furthermore, the ADMET properties were assessed for the D-mannose analogs to predict their suitability as effective therapeutics. This work underscores the critical need for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and therapeutics required to prevent common infections.

• #10 - Joelle Atkin - A Comparison of Soil Invertebrate Abundance Between Trail-Edge and Off-Trail Soils

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: Human disturbance is abundant, including in mountainous areas with trails. Trails can influence soil composition and invertebrate abundancy and diversity. This research project will study how trail distance and canopy cover correlates with invertebrate abundance. The central question driving this study is how does human disturbance from trails effect soil invertebrate communities? Past research has shown that human impacts decrease soil diversity with compaction and other various disturbances, however, this project will contribute to this topic by inspecting soil samples under canopy cover, and in open, unshaded areas. Two samples from 20 plots will be collected, with a total of 40 samples. One sample will be one meter near the trail, and the other will be 10 meters away from the trail. 10 plots will be under tree cover with the remaining 10 collected in the unshaded areas. Samples were collected in roughly the same weather conditions and about the same time of day, and they will then be sifted through fine mesh and invertebrates will be individually counted. Results will be analyzed through a two-way ANOVA test. A 10 meter distance from the trail will expect more diverse and abundant invertebrate samples than 1 meter from the trail.

• #53 - Kaitlyn Morris - The Impact of Aspect on Native and Non-Native Plant Species Along the Wasatch Front

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: Non-native and invasive plant species are commonly associated with changing environmental conditions, habitat disturbances, and have a negative impact on native plant species. The following study was done to see if there is a correlation between the amount of non-native and native plant species depending on the aspect: the compass direction a hill faces. Data was collected at three locations along the Wasatch Front. At each location there was a total of four plots, two facing north and two facing south. Using a 1m2 quadrat, the plot was randomly selected on a north or south facing hill, the aspect, species type, and cover class for each species in the quadrat was recorded. It is hypothesized that there will be a greater abundance of non-native invasive plants on the south facing slope because the slope receives the most amount of sun making conditions harsh and unfavorable for native plants, but favorable for non-native and invasive plants. The results from this project can be used to determine what invasive plants are found on the Wasatch Front and where they are found.

• #45 - Keyan Staples - Quantifying Differential Impacts of Volatile Chemical Product and Petroleum Emissions on Salt Lake City Ozone Concentrations

  Additional Authors: Chance Stirland, Hayley Walker, Mason Stanger, Richard Menzies
  Mentor: Demetrios Pagonis
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Salt Lake City's airshed frequently experiences exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone. As with other urban areas with significant photochemical ozone production, the quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted into the airshed determine the efficiency and rate with which ozone is produced. Preliminary data acquired during the 2024 Utah Summer Ozone Study (USOS) indicates that Salt Lake City's urban photochemistry is largely consistent with other major cities in the United States, and is increasingly being influenced by emissions from volatile chemical products, rather than on-road emissions from vehicles. The photochemical oxidation of VCPs, which are generally oxygenated, is markedly different from that of VOCs emitted by gasoline and diesel vehicles, which is predominantly unfunctionalized hydrocarbons. These differences in chemistry can impact both the ozone-VOC-NOx sensitivity and temperature dependence of photochemistry in the region, and therefore studying these differences in chemistry will lead to better-informed policy and rule-making.
  This study aims to quantify the differential impact of reductions to VOC emissions in these two sectors on ozone production in Salt Lake City. This will be accomplished through explicit zero-dimensional box modeling of the region's photochemistry using the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM), constrained by the DAQ's VOC and NOx emission inventories, as well as the 2024 USOS measurements. The deliverable of this project is the predicted impacts of various emission scenarios on summertime ozone production in the Salt Lake City airshed. These scenarios will include targeted reductions in VCP emissions, targeted reductions in on- and off-road petroleum emissions, and the expected ozone-VOC-NOx sensitivity under future scenarios of hotter summers and shifts in regional VOC and ozone backgrounds.

• #32 - Kyle Rallison - Inhibition of the PPIB protein

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Mutations in the PPIB protein cause the formation of incomplete keratin, compromising its structural design. This study looks at different ways to inhibit the PPIB protein. Experiments were conducted through computer modeling to highlight interactions between the PPIB protein and differing chemical compounds. The results of these experiments will be presented at the symposium. These findings help highlight different drug candidates to inhibit the PPIB protein.

• #27 - Lea Bradford - Modifying Tofacitinib to Improve Treatment for Mast Cell Activation Syndrome

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Background: Tofacitinib is a small molecule which acts as a JAK1/JAK3 inhibitor, most commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. Due to safety risks, investigations into off-target effects are ongoing. Computational approaches as well as in vitro assays confirmed the inhibition of the off-target protein Serine/threonine-protein kinase N2 (PKN2). PKN2 is involved in cellular processes and is a key component of autoinflammatory disorders. Reducing the PKN2 activity is necessary for improving therapeutic specificity for other uses, such as treating symptoms of mast cell activation syndrome.

• #3 - Lindsay Reber - Influence Of Temperature On Isopod Decomposition: Implications For Carbon Cycle

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: Isopods are key decomposers in many ecosystems across the world. They break down organic matter as a part of the carbon cycle. However, the extent to which temperature affects them and their productivity are not well studied. This study is investigating how temperature affects isopod decomposition rate of oak leaf litter.

  10 isopods were placed into an enclosure with a pre-weighed amount of dried leaf litter and exposed to heat from a heat mat on top of their enclosure at four temperatures: (16° C), (21° C), (27° C), and (29° C). Each trial was done for 5 days. Decomposition rates were calculated by subtracting the weight of litter after 5 days from the original amount. This design was used to compare decomposition rates under different heat conditions.

  Results indicate that decomposition was highest at higher temperatures (29° C) and lower at lower temperatures. This data was contrary to my hypothesis that they would be slowing down at (29° C) due to it being too hot for them to surface and feed on the leaf litter. The results will be discussed in the context of warming climates and the implications this could have on the nutrient cycles of our ecosystems where isopods are present.

• #4 - Lindsay Reber - Temperature Effects On Isopod Decomposition Rates

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: Isopods are key decomposers in many ecosystems across the world. They break down organic matter as a part of the carbon cycle. However, the extent to which temperature affects them and their productivity are not well studied. This study is investigating how temperature affects isopod decomposition rate of oak leaf litter.

  10 isopods were placed into an enclosure with a pre-weighed amount of dried leaf litter and exposed to heat from a heat mat on top of their enclosure at four temperatures: (16° C), (21° C), (27° C), and (29° C). Each trial was done for 5 days. Decomposition rates were calculated by subtracting the weight of litter after 5 days from the original amount. This design was used to compare decomposition rates under different heat conditions.

  Results indicate that decomposition was highest at higher temperatures (29° C) and lower at lower temperatures. This data was contrary to my hypothesis that they would be slowing down at (29° C) due to it being too hot for them to surface and feed on the leaf litter. The results will be discussed in the context of warming climates and the implications this could have on the nutrient cycles of our ecosystems where isopods are present.

• #14 - Lola Hart - Influence of Light Gradients of Epiphytic Diatom Populations on Water Lily Leaf Surfaces

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: Light availability is a major factor shaping the diversity and populations of aquatic microorganisms, like epiphytic diatoms. Variations in light influence nutrient cycling and photosynthetic efficiency within the microhabitat of freshwater-dwelling Water Lilies. This project's aim is to measure population differences of epiphytic diatoms on light intensive adaxial surfaces compared to the abaxial underside of Water Lily leaves that receive less direct light. Epiphytic diatoms fulfill primary production roles like photosynthesis, being a food source for herbivores, and nutrient cycling of nitrogen and carbon within aquatic ecosystems. I approach this research by removing biofilm from leaf surfaces using a soft brush to collect a diatom-rich slurry of periphytic material, which is then analyzed under a compound light microscope. Data reflects a population census measuring cell densities per unit leaf area and community composition, which focuses on photographic morphotypic classifications that calculate relative abundance per morphotype. The project results anticipate population dominance on the abaxial surfaces of leaves with greater species richness than the adaxial surfaces. Increased light availability suggests that epiphytic diatoms reach maximal nutrient cycling and photosynthesis efficiency compared to the populations experiencing less light on the abaxial side. Results of this research will advance an understanding of how light gradients affect the structure and ecological productivity of epiphytic diatom communities on hydrophytes.

• #6 - Luke Provost - Determining a correlation between autumn leaf coloration and leaf abscission formation in bigtooth maple

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: For millennia the vibrant colors of autumn have awed and inspired humanity. Over the last several decades intense scientific research has been conducted to unravel the mysteries of this beautiful transformation that temperate climates witness each year. Why do some trees change to yellow or red? What evolutionary mechanisms have been at play for this phenotypic change? What can these colors tell us about plant physiology and overall tree health? Several species have been studied in depth, such as the sugar maple (Acer saccharinum) regarding these questions, however there has been little research performed on the sugar maples close relative, the bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum). This research aims to reveal a correlation in autumn leaf color and leaf abscission progression in bigtooth maple, and what leaf coloration can tell us about tree health and nutrient resorption. Using digital image colorimetry, photographs have been collected from leaves and processed through software to obtain color values. Leaf strength tests were performed to determine how strong the petiole was attached to the stem, which is a proxy to infer abscission layer progression. This data can be compared to other studies conducted and indices that have been created to use autumn color as a proxy test for nitrogen levels and nutrient resorption before full leaf abscission. Results from this study suggest an association between leaf color and abscission layer progression in bigtooth maple, which can be expanded to test for specific pigments and nitrogen levels in the lab. This data can be utilized in future observation of forest health using digital images or remote sensing.

• #42 - Lydia Felix - Quantifying Heavy Metals in Cacao Based Beverages

  Additional Authors: Harrison Yates, Charles Davidson
  Mentor: Andreas Lippert
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: The objective of this project was to determine the concentrations of heavy and 'nutritional' metals in cacao-based beverages using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The heavy metals analyzed were lead and cadmium, while the 'nutritional' metals copper, zinc, and magnesium were included because of their importance in metabolic processes. Previous studies showed elevated levels of heavy metals in the shell of cocoa beans. The heavy metal concentrations are also heavily influenced by location, as cocoa beans from Guatemala exhibited much higher levels of both cadmium and lead compared to beans from Ghana in all constituent parts of the bean. MiCacao and Crio-Bru are popular cocoa teas which are made from the shell and whole ground cocoa beans, respectively. All samples were prepared using microwave digestion and subsequently quantified with a standard addition calibration curve scheme. We predict MiCacao brewed tea will exhibit higher concentrations of lead and cadmium than Crio-Bru because their beans are sourced from Ecuador, while Crio-Bru sources from Ghana and various Latin American countries.

• #54 - Mac Purdue - Effects of ENSO on River Discharge and Sediment Loads Throughout Colombia

  Additional Authors: Kaitlyn Morris, Emma Nielson, Russell Weldon
  Mentor: Nicolas Perez
  College: College of Science
  Department: Earth & Earth Sciences
  Abstract: El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a fluctuating weather phenomenon that brings heavy rains and drought to vast areas of the globe. This oscillating pattern is unpredictable but tends to occur every 3 to 7 years. This research examines the affects that ENSO has on river discharges and sediment flux in Colombia. By correlating these variables with the concurrent ENSO phase, we have isolated patterns in an attempt to provide predictions for future events. This research uses river discharge data compiled by the Colombian Hydrological Institute IDEAM over the past 40 years. Using this data we have plotted sediment load discharge from 100 rivers and related them to the ENSO phase occurring at the time. By examining the discharge as it relates to the current weather phenomenon, we were able to determine the effect that the ENSO phase has on each river in the region. Preliminary results show each river having a different reaction to ENSO events, possibly due to topography or individual river characteristics. By determining how these events affect each river and why, predictive models may be created that can help local communities prepare for and mitigate effects. Colombia contributes greatly to the global economy, and the ways in which Colombian rivers are affected by the phases of ENSO are important to sustaining it.

• #23 - Madeline North - Acetazolamide Drug Design

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: The drug acetazolamide (ACZ) inhibits carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), a human enzyme drug binding site related to cerebrospinal and respiratory illnesses, and performs weak inhibition of A. fumigatus chitinase A1 (AfChiA1), an antifungal drug binding site for Aspergillus fumigatus or black mold. The purpose of this study is to find a safe analog drug of ACZ which exhibits increased binding strength to CAII and AfChiA1 binding sites. ACZ analogs will be designed using ChemSketch software, docked as CAII and AfChiA1 ligands using Schrödinger | Maestro software, and analyzed for binding and ADMET properties using various online drug data bank resources. Resulting analogs will be ranked by their theoretical half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, docking scores, lipophilicity (L.L.E), ligand efficiency (L.E.) and ADMET features. The drug analog of best fit and binding strength should be investigated and developed as a treatment for CAII and AfChiA1 related illnesses.

   

• #40 - Mason Stanger - Design and Computational Evaluation of Folic Acid Analog Interactions for Optimized Cancer Drug Delivery

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Background:
  Folic acid is an essential vitamin involved in DNA synthesis and repair, processes that are often dysregulated in cancer cells. Its overexpression in tumor tissues via folate receptors has led to the development of folic acid-linked nano-micelles as targeted drug delivery systems.
  Aims/Purpose:
  This project investigates the potential of folic acid analogs to improve receptor binding efficiency and specificity in nano-micelle–mediated chemotherapy delivery.
  Methods:
  Computational modeling will be conducted using Schrödinger Maestro to perform molecular docking studies between folate receptor proteins and proposed folic acid analogs. Binding affinities, interaction energies, and docking conformations will be analyzed to identify candidates with superior receptor engagement compared to native folic acid.
  Results:
  Preliminary modeling data are expected to reveal analogs demonstrating enhanced docking stability and binding strength, indicating improved potential for targeted drug delivery.
  Conclusion:
  By identifying folic acid analogs with optimized receptor affinity, this study aims to inform future nano-micelle design for more efficient and selective cancer therapeutics.

• #17 - Matthew Stewart - Remote Sensing Analysis of Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery: 2012 Clay Springs Fire, Utah

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: The use of satellites to provide frequent imagery and data of the Earth has greatly increased knowledge of Earth systems. This data can be used to analyze wildfire impacts on vegetation. This project uses 13 years of data from remote sensing satellites of the Landsat program to analyze burn severity and vegetation recovery in the Clay Springs wildfire of 2012 in Utah. The data used is 30-meter resolution, and was collected by Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9. Similar analysis has been completed elsewhere, but the Clay Springs fire lacks analysis of vegetation recovery using spectral indices. In the literature, it is common to use the normalized burn ratio (NBR) which is an index used on remotely sensed data to calculate burn severity and identify areas that have burned. It uses formula containing the near infrared (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands of the sensor to highlight burned areas and healthy vegetation. By calculating a pre-fire NBR baseline as well as NBR values in the years post-fire, vegetation health can be compared, and recovery can be assessed. This project calculated monthly NBR values – averaging them to annual NBR to avoid seasonal bias – from 2013-2025. It is common to state vegetation has recovered when it reaches a threshold at 80% of pre-fire NBR values. It is hypothesized that this threshold will be reached around 10 years post-fire, and that higher severity wildfire areas will show a slower rate of recovery than the lower intensity wildfire areas due to lower amounts of vegetation damage caused by lower severity fire. This project shows how vegetation recovery varies across different topography and fire severity conditions.

• #18 - Max Draney - A plant's chemical reaction of its surroundings while in the germination phase.

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: Allelopathy: definition: the chemical interaction where one organism (plant or tree) releases chemical substances that influence the growth, development, or death of another organism, either positively or negatively. Walnut trees are typically avoided in terms of planting because of its strong allelopathic chemicals. These chemicals the tree releases are strong enough to inhibit growth of a lot of its surrounding plants.  This chemical the walnut tree produces is called"juglone". Ultimately this study covers the effects of the juglone chemical on garden crops, flowers, or weeds. In this case the garden flowers were chosen. All together this project is an education topic to normal homeowners who want to kill invasive weeds, but do not want to use toxic brands and chemicals like roundup. Which some studies have linked it to be carcinogenic.

• #51 - Nikki Hayes - Influence of Microbial Metabolisms on Carbonate Precipitation and Dissolution in Great Salt Lake Sediments

  Additional Authors: Alexa Call, Anika Draper, Amber Devereaux, Rylee Wamhoff
  Mentor: Carie Frantz
  College: College of Science
  Department: Earth & Environmental Sciences
  Abstract: Carbonates are a class of minerals that incorporate CO32-, which can draw down atmospheric CO2 and record environmental information in rock. The Great Salt Lake is a “carbonate factory”, presumably driven by a diverse array of microbial metabolisms. It is a natural lab for understanding the influence of biological processes on carbonate production and the implications of those processes on climate. Our research focused on comparing and analyzing sediment types and microbial metabolisms present at two sites with very different types of carbonates forming in the south arm of the Great Salt Lake. First, the sedimentology and environmental chemistry of each site were analyzed seasonally over the course of a year. DNA was extracted and sequenced from corresponding samples in order to look for correlations between microbial community composition and carbonate saturation and stable isotopes. From the DNA sequencing data, we mapped likely major microbial metabolisms and determined their influence on dissolution or precipitation of carbonates by factoring in how they change alkalinity and inorganic carbon. We also utilized this information to predict their influence on stable isotopes of carbon. Identified metabolisms that would be expected to promote dissolution of carbonates include fermentation and sulfur oxidation. Metabolisms that would be expected to promote precipitation of carbonates include phototrophy and some forms of chemolithotrophy. Organic carbon respiration—which was by far the most abundant set of metabolisms in our dataset—depended on the specifics of the electron donor-acceptor pair. The same was true of sulfur cycling, another important set of metabolisms in our dataset. Results from this investigation will advance our understanding of the effect of microbial metabolisms on carbonate precipitation, with implications for understanding geological carbon storage and deep-time paleoclimate studies.

• #52 - Nikki Hayes - Effect of Soil Moisture and Type on Acorn Production in Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii)

  Additional Authors: Cameron Burt, Benjamin Christensen, Dallin Mora
  Mentor: John Cavitt
  College: College of Science
  Department: Zoology
  Abstract: Many tree species exhibit highly variable seed production from year to year, a phenomenon termed masting, that remains surprisingly understudied.  One hypothesis that helps to explain this pattern is the resource allocation hypothesis.  It suggests that masting occurs during years of enhanced resource availability.  This study investigates how soil type and soil moisture influence acorn production in Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii). Fieldwork was conducted at a montane site above the Weber State University campus, where acorn abundance was quantified using standardized count surveys along eight transects. Soil type and moisture content were assessed through soil samples collected at two locations per transect. Our current analyses examine relationships among soil type, soil moisture, and acorn production. We predict that acorn production will increase with higher soil moisture and that soils with greater water retention capacity will support enhanced reproductive output. Results from this investigation will advance understanding of masting ecology in Q. gambelii and potentially inform predictions of seed production patterns in other tree species experiencing variable soil and moisture regimes.

• #36 - Norlito Ranchez Jr. - Targeting Trp32: Structural-Based Drug Design to Stabilize Misfolding of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis SOD1 D90A Mutant

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Mutations in the Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene, a key antioxidant metalloenzyme can cause protein misfolding and aggregation that contribute to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurogenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the central nervous system. In-silico analysis is performed to create an optimized drug binding ligand (SBL-1) at the exposed Trp32 pocket, an aromatic residual located near the β-barrel dimer interface of the D90A mutation representing about 4.1% of familial ALS cases. Molecular docking/dynamics and pharmacophore simulations helped predict the conformational flexibility and intermolecular interactions, as well as, ADMET screening for drug-likeness. Comparative assessment of novel inhibitors and mouse model studies were also used to narrow trends for complex stability and propagation behavior. Results revealed SBL-1 analogs with strong binding energy, favorable pharmacokinetic behavior, and high bioavailability support the effectiveness of structure-based design targeting the Trp32 site. These findings highlight a promising therapeutic strategy for precision medicine, developing small-molecule stabilizers to improve life quality, especially of inherited patients.

• #8 - Olivia Conkle - Analysis of intraspecies variation of leaf length through elevational gradient

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: Can a plant species have different characteristics based on where it grows? This question inspired my research on the leaf morphology of Arnica cordifolia, a flowering herb native to Utah. This species can be found at a range of elevations, usually from 5,000 to 11,000 feet in Utah. I hypothesize that leaves will be smaller at higher elevations due to environmental factors such as harsh winds, higher precipitation levels, and colder temperatures. Changes in leaf morphology have not been studied recently in the Wasatch Range, or for A. cordifolia as a species. This is a gap in the literature that I will begin to fill with the results from this study, which will add to the overall understanding of the ecology of the Intermountain West. The plant has traditionally been used topically to treat swellings, bruises, and arthritic pain, and is an important food source for both elk and mule deer. My sample population consists of herbarium specimens collected from counties that span the Wasatch Range, and only records with an associated image and elevation data were included. Using ImageJ software, I measured the length and width of the topmost leaves of each specimen. This data will be compared against the elevational gradient that the records span, and I will identify any detectable patterns. The terminal leaves are the last to emerge, and have been chosen as a constant on which to base my study. Leaf morphology is related to the amount of photosynthesis that the plant conducts and contributes to the health of the plant as a whole. My goal is to use leaf length to get a starting point for understanding how A. cordifolia reacts to its climate and what these reactions may be attributed to.

• #44 - Olivia Tobler - Drivers of Photochemical Ozone Production in USOS 2024

  Mentor: Demetrios Pagonis
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Exposure to ozone in the urban environment is detrimental to human health. Salt Lake City, Utah regularly exceeds the regulatory limit of 70 ppb in summer afternoons. In the troposphere, ozone formation is governed by the relative amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the airshed, which varies from location to location.  Instruments in the Utah Summer Ozone Study (USOS) measured ozone and other known precursors allowing for further investigation of ozone production July-August 2024. In this work we identify time periods where ozone production efficiency is high using the Leighton Ratio, and use these results to conclude that Salt Lake City remains in a NOx-saturated regime. This finding indicates that reducing VOC emissions is the most effective way to decrease ozone production.

• #34 - Parker Hyatt - Analysis of Particulate Matter and Black Carbon Sources in the Salt Lake Valley: Differentiating Wildfire Smoke from Anthropogenic Emissions

  Mentor: Demetrios Pagonis
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: As part of the Utah Summer Ozone Study of 2024 we evaluated whether high ozone days in the Salt Lake Valley arose mainly from transported wildfire smoke or locally produced emissions. Hazardous Mapping System (HMS) smoke maps provided context for smoke influence and was confirmed when surface chemistry indicated burning via ACSM f60 concentrations rising above baseline and acetonitrile concentration rising more per unit CO than in air without smoke. Only two windows, July 30th to August 3rd and August 7th to 9th, met this standard, while several ozone exceedance days occurred during the length of the study. Compared with an HMS+PM2.5 screen in a Generalized Additive Model used by previous best attempts at evaluating the contribution of wildfire smoke to ozone production in the Salt Lake Valley, a surface verified approach identifies fewer smoke days indicating that the majority of ozone exceedance days are driven primarily by locally produced emissions.

• #49 - Pragya Acharya - Great Salt Lake microbialite recovery following desiccation and re-submergence with rapid lake level change

  Mentor: Carie Frantz
  College: College of Science
  Department: Earth & Environmental Sciences
  Abstract: The Great Salt Lake is a unique and important ecosystem that supports organisms including millions of migratory birds and a brine shrimp industry. At the base of the Great Salt Lake food chain are microbialites, which are carbonate rock structures built by microbes, which host a robust photosynthetic community and are important for nutrient cycling, primary production, and maintaining overall lake health. During the record low lake levels in 2021-2022, many microbialites were exposed to air and the photosynthetic communities dried up. Then, following two strong snow years in 2023 and 2024, lake level temporarily rebounded, resubmerging desiccated microbialites. In this study, we sought to determine how quickly and to what degree microbialite surface communities recover after re-submergence.
  I expected that microbialites that were re-submerged for longer would have stronger recovery signals, indicated by greater chlorophyll concentrations (an indicator of photosynthetic health) and greater DNA yields (an indicator of overall microbial activity). I analyzed microbialite samples collected from various lake depths representing the different time spans since re-submergence, and compared them to microbialites that were never exposed during the lake lowstands. Chlorophyll levels were measured by spectrophotometry, and microbial DNA was extracted and quantified. In future work, we intend to sequence extracted DNA  to study the changes in microbial community composition.
  This research will help us assess the resilience of microbial communities to severe environmental stress in the Great Salt Lake. The final results can be used to inform future conservation at the Great Salt Lake, guide restoration efforts, and contribute to larger understanding of recovery dynamics for microbial ecosystems, especially microbalities.

• #26 - Regan Crane - Targeting the RIPK3 protein could potentially alleviate the symptoms of diabetic enteric neuropathy.

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: The RIPK3 protein plays a vital role in necroptosis by activating MLKL, which induces rupture of the plasma membrane. This pathway is a major cause of various health problems such as inflammation, cancer, and diabetic neuropathy. This research aims to highlight a potential target located on the RIPK3 protein, and discover a drug with safe ADMET characteristics. This research will be carried out through computer applications such as Schrödinger's Maestro software and trusted ADMET prediction websites. Results will be discussed at the symposium. Though this research is intended to propose a treatment for diabetic enteric neuropathy, the RIPK3 pathway can be used as a drug target for treatment of many other diseases.

• #13 - Romina Aguado - Comparing invasive and native plant domination in sites with varying histories of wildfires.

  Additional Authors: Wil Blanch
  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: We will be comparing sites with varying wildfire histories to observe if more native or invasive species dominate after a wildfire. The aftermath of a wildfire creates opportunities for new plants to grow in the new bare ground. Fast-growing invasive species may take this chance to expand in population and dominate the area. Native plants may control the land after the invasive species have been burnt away. We will test this by assessing the plant communities at varying sites with different wildfire histories; within the past year, 5 years, and 10 years ago. Each community site will be surveyed in 3 1m2 plots. We will also survey an unaffected area near each site as a control, comparing the differences in vegetation after a wildfire. We expect for the invasive species to take over as they grow and populate quickly. This study may assist in deciding how to manage land after a wildfire. If invasive species dominate the area, then weeding invasives, or reseeding & planting native plants may be helpful for the site recovery.

• #15 - Sadie Dunn - Is water stress from climate change overpowering urban tree irrigation?: A study on physiological and leaf characteristics on urban and natural oaks in Utah

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: With global climate change and an increase in urbanization around the world, it’s crucial to study the effects of a hotter and drier climate on trees in both an urban and natural environment. One way we can examine these effects in trees is by looking at the stomata. Stomata are pores found on the surfaces of leaves on plants that exchange water and gas with the atmosphere in order to perform functions such as photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration. By analyzing stomatal size and density, we can assess whether urban oak trees, especially irrigated oak trees, exhibit similar signs of drought or water stress compared to the oak trees in natural areas. Trees suffering from drought-like conditions will have smaller, denser stomata in order to conserve water and use energy efficiently. To research this, I collected 2 leaves from the canopy of Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii) across 3 different environments: 10 trees from a natural mountain environment, 10 trees from an urban campus landscape, and 8 trees from an actively irrigated urban setting. Stomatal peels were created with nail polish and tape and then observed using a compound microscope to count stomatal density and measure stomatal size. Canopy health was evaluated by recording the percentage that was red, green, brown, orange, or yellow foliage. Leaf area and dry leaf weight were also measured to provide more information on water usage. The expected results are that urban oak trees will exhibit less signs of water or drought stress from climate change compared to trees in natural environments due to supplemental watering from irrigation and will have larger, less dense stomata. The results of this study will be valuable to urban ecology and understanding if urban trees are receiving enough water in urban areas to be productive, or if they too are experiencing water or drought stress due to climate change.

• #39 - Samuel Price - Docking of Phenformin in BRAF V600 Melanomas

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF), a component of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAP signaling cascade, mutations at V600 commonly result in melanoma. Phenformin is known to enhance the ant-tumor ability of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but the mechanism of this improvement is unknown. This study investigates if binding occurs between BRAF or AMPK and phenformin as such binding could be related to the improvements seen. In silico modeling will be used to produce ligand binding scores between BRAF and phenformin and AMPK and Phenformin. If binding is successfully detected modifications to phenformin (the ligand) will be tested to improve binding. Results for Insilco ligand docking scores over several domains for both BRAF and AMPK to phenformin and all produced modifications of will be presented at the symposium.

• #60 - Sean Hardyman - Priestia spp. Potenital for PCB Bioremediation

  Additional Authors: Mckayla Birch, Carter Clifford, James Whitten
  Mentor: Katrina Twing
  College: College of Science
  Department: Microbiology
  Abstract:Our research purpose was to explore if we can utilize Priestia spp. for PCB bioremediation. P. megaterium is a model organism for industrial and biochemical research. This is due in large part due to its large size and ability to transform plasmids. In the Housatonic river there was a significant degree of PCB contamination from a nearby GE facility. The sample was gathered from Woods Pond in the river. We isolated P. megaterium from a plate grown aerobically in the light. Previous semesters isolated P. megaterium as well as P. aryabhattai from different combinations of aerobic/anaerobic and light/dark conditions. We did three things with the multi-semester combined data. First, we made a phylogenetic comparison of all the Priestia spp. to determine if there is a clade that is unique to Woods Pond. Then, we determined if there was a pattern in the growth conditions of the bacteria to gain insight of their natural habitat. Last, we looked at which ones demonstrated PCB degradation, and incorporated that with literature on Priestia spp. to establish avenues for future research.

• #11 - Shelby Samuelson - Wood Density Influence on Fire Behavior

  Mentor: Heather Root
  College: College of Science
  Department: Botany
  Abstract: My study investigates how wood density influences ignition behavior and burn rate between hardwood and softwood tree species found in the Intermountain West. In fire ecology, understanding how different fuels ignite and burn is essential for predicting wildfire intensity and developing safer, more effective prescribed burning strategies. While extensive research has examined large-scale fire behavior, fewer studies have explored how the physical properties of individual fuel type influence ignition and combustion at smaller experimental scales. This project focuses on that relationship by analyzing the variability and predictability of combustion among hardwoods and softwoods. I hypothesize that denser hardwoods will require more sustained heat to achieve ignition and will burn more slowly, while lower-density softwoods will ignite faster and burn with brighter, shorter flames due to higher resin content. Ten tree species were tested, including hardwoods (oak, maple, birch, hickory, cottonwood, and aspen) and softwoods (Douglas-fir, cedar, juniper, and ponderosa pine). Each wood block was oven-dried to remove residual moisture, then measured for both mass and volume to calculate density. Combustion trials were conducted in a controlled setup using a small, enclosed steel stove designed to safely contain heat and airflow. To ensure a consistent ignition source, each sample received a standardized 300-second exposure from a fixed propane torch positioned at a set distance and angle to simulate the sustained heat of a wildfire flame front. During each trial, data was collected on ignition behavior, flame duration, and burn rate. Observations focused on the variability of combustion responses among species, including differences in flame persistence, smoldering, and burnout time. My findings highlight the variability and unpredictability of burn responses among tree species, reflecting the natural complexity of fire behavior. This work contributes to understanding fuel characteristics that can inform prescribed burning and wildfire management practices in Utah and similar western ecosystems.

• #24 - Spencer Bowman - Modification of Montelukast to decrease Neuroinflammation by targeting Cys-Lys1

  Mentor: Tracy Covey
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: Excessive neuroinflammation is present in most brain related diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Dementia and is caused by the Cys-Lys1 and GPR17 proteins within the brain. Montelukast is an asthma medication that has shown to inhibit the Cys-Lys1 receptor and decrease neuroinflammation. This research examines the modification of Montelukast in order to better bind to the Cys-Lys1 receptor. This was done by modifying the structure of Montelukast to better increase the Brain Blood Barrier permeability and by examining the ADMET score of the modified Montelukast. Additionally, the glide scores were found and recorded to find the binding of the modified Montelukast compared to the original. The results will be discussed later on. By modifying Montelukast to better bind to the Cys-Lys1 receptor it will help inhibit the production of neuroinflammation.

• #47 - Tyson Low - SENTINEL - Hyperspectral Sorter

  Mentor: Ed Walker
  College: College of Science
  Department: Chemistry
  Abstract: SENTINEL (Sensor Ensemble for Testing and Intelligent Laboratory Sorting) is an advanced material sorting, recycling and sensor development test-bed. With a combination of RGB, mid-infrared (IR), near-infrared (NIR cameras, SENTINEL captures high-throughput hyperspectral data for machine learning (ML) predictions. ML models trained from this data can efficiently sort materials based on chemical composition. SENTINEL excels in sorting  plastics based on type, and biomass based on its moisture content with high accuracy. Ongoing efforts aim to extend its capabilities to identify and sort e-waste

• #1 - Wesley Brown - Gamification of Learning

  Mentor: Jonathan Cornell
  College: College of Science
  Department: Physics
  Abstract: The objective of this project was to create a video game that teaches people physics. Various game engines were investigated and their respective features were compared to determine which engine was most suitable. The GODOT game engine developed by MIT was chosen due to its light overhead and suitability for 2-dimensional games. A puzzle game was then created to simulate an electrodynamic phenomenon, specifically the Lorentz law. A future research topic that may follow-on from this project would be a study to test this video game ability to improve subjects' understanding of physics