The efforts of liri Kaman and Takao Nishida in formulating the original cardiovascular terminology in the first edition of the Nomina Anatomica Avium (NAA, 1979) deserve acknowledgement. In preparing this edition we have relied heavily on Dr. Midtgard's extensive series of papers on the vasculature of the pelvic limb of the past 10 years. In the NAA (1979) "Systema Cardiovasculare" was adopted as a more meaningful heading for this section rather than .. Angiologia". Systema Cardiovasculare is a more inclusive term, since Angiologia literally connotes vessels only. More recent editions of the Nomina Histoiogica, 2nd ed. (lANC, 1983) and the human Nomina Anatomica, 6th ed. (lANC, 1989) have followed the lead of the NAA (1979); however the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, 3d ed. (lCVGAN, 1983) still retains Angiologia.

Intrinsic vessels of viscera. Blood vessel terminology is found in chapters other than this cardiovascular chapter. In general, the names of vessels of macroscopic dimensions that supply or drain viscera are presented here. Vessels that make up the meso- and microscopic, intrinsic angioarchitecture of the major viscera are named elsewhere: consult Apparatus respiratorius, Apparatus urogenitalis, and Apparatus digestorius for intrapulmonary, intrarenal, and intrahepatic vessels and Glandulae Endocrinae for hypophysial blood vessels.

Spinal cord vasculature is presented in this chapter; neither of the mammalian nomenclatures includes this terminology.

Heart. The terminology of the avian heart differs from the mammalian nomenclatures in that the names of the parts of the atrial myocardium and vetricular myocardium are presented here.

The 6th edition of the human Nornina Anatornica (lANC, 1989) has been followed in naming the veins of the heart. Both "cor" (L.) and "cardia" (Ok.) are used to refer to the heart in anatomical terminology. Instead of the genitive form "cordis" the adjectival form "cardiaca" has been adopted, thus: V. cardiaca sinistra instead of V. cordis sinistra. By using the term "cardiac" the vessel terminology is consistent with that of the heart nerves, N. cardiacus and Plexus cardiacus, as well as Pericardium, Myocardium, Impressio cardiaca of the liver, etc.

Nomenclature of branches of A. celiaca and associated venous radices. The terminology for the celiac artery recommended by MalinovskY (1965) has been adopted. In this scheme "proventricular" refers to the glandular stomach and "gastric" refers to the muscular stomach (ventriculus, gizzard). MalinovskY defined various surfaces, margins, and parts of the muscular stomach on which the names of vessels are based in the definitive, adult individuals; he also presents recommendations on the reconciliation of vessel terminology of branches of A. celiaca in various species of several avian orders. Nishida, Paik, and Yasuda (1969) based their terms on "muscular" and "glandular" stomach (example: A. gastrica gJandularis sinistra). These authors name the primary subdivisions of A. celiaca as A. gastrica dextra and A. gastrica sinistra. MalinovskY pointed out the difficulties in using this nomenclature in that the stomach is only one of several major organs supplied by A. celiaca.

Splenic-lienal. Nomina Anatornica Avium follows the human Nomina Anatomica (lANC, 1989) in adopting Splen for the spleen rather than Lien which has been retained as an official alternative name. This requires that the vessels be named accordingly; therefore, Aa. et Vv. splenicae.

Ascending-descending. Usage of the adjectives "ascendens" and "descendens" with respect to names of blood vesse1~ require definition. These terms refer to the direction of blood flow in arteries. For example, blood in A. vertebralis ascendens flows cranially; that in A. vertebralis descendens flows caudally. The companion vein(s) of an artery designated ascendens takes the same name as its artery even though its blood drains caudally. For example, y. cutanea cervicalis ascendens parallels A. cutanea cervicalis ascendens (see Baumel, et al., 1983).

TERMINOLOGY

TERMINI GENERALES

(See Nomina Histologica IANC, 1989 for a more extensive list of general terms for the heart and vessels.)

Arteria

Arteriola

Anastomosis arterioarteriosa

Anastomosis arteriovenosa

Anastomosis venovenosa

Anastomosis lymphovenosa

Arcus arteriosus

Arcus venosus

Capillaris

Circulus arteriosus

Circulus venosus

Cisterna

Lumen vasis

Plexus arteriosus

Plexus vascularis

Plexus venosus

Lympha

Pulvinar luminalis

Rete venosum

Sanguis

Valvula venosa

Valvula lymphatica

Vas anastomoticum

Vas afferens [advehens]

Vas deferens [rehevens]

Vas capiUare

Vas collaterale

Vas lymphaticum

Vasa nervorum

Vasa vasorum

Vena

Vena comitans

Venula

Rete arteriosum

Rete mirabile

COR (see Chapter Introduction) (Figs. 12.1, 2)

Basis cordis [Facies pulmonalis] I

Facies sternalis [Facies ventrocranialis] I

Facies hepatica [Facies dorsocaudalis I)

Apex cordis

Fovea apicis cordis

Sulcus intetventricularis paraconalis2

Sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus2

Sulcus coronarius [S atrioventricularis]

Septum interatriale3 (see Annot. 15)

Perforationes interatriales3

Pars cavopulmonalis3

Septum interventriculare

Chordae tendineae

Mm. papillares4

Trigona fibrosa5

Anulus [Annulus] fibrosus5

EPICARDIUM (see Pericardium)

MYOCARDIUM (see Nom. Hist., 1989)

Mm. atriales6

Arcus longitudinalis dorsalis6

Arcus transversus dexter6

Arcus transversus sinister6 (Fig. 12.2)

Mm. pectinati6

M. basianularis atrii6 (Fig. 12.2)

Mm. ventriculares7

Lamina superficialis 7

M. longitudinalis ventriculi sinistri 7

M. longitudinalis ventriculi dextri7

M. valvae atrioventricularis dextrae7

M. sinuspiralis

M. bulbospiralis

Pars superficialis

Pars profunda

Trabeculae carneae

Mm. papillares

ENDOCARDIUM

SYSTEMA CONDUCENS CARDIACUM 8 (Fig. 12.3)

Nodus sinuatrialis9 10

Rr. nodi sinuatrialis lO

Rr. myofibrarum conducentes atrii

Rr. subepicardiales atriales8

Rr. periarteriales atriales

Rr. subendocardiales atriales

Nodus atrioventricularisll

Fasciculus [Truncus] atrioventricularis 11

Connexus cum fasciculo truncobulbari 12

Crus dextrum fasciculi

Crus sinistrum fasciculi

Rr. cruris 10

Rr. myofibrarum conducentes ventriculi

Rr. periarteriales

Rr. subendocardiales ventriculares

Rr. subepicardiales ventriculares8

Pars accessoria systematis conducentis

Anulus [Annulus] atrioventricularis dexter 12

Nodus truncobulbaris l2

Fasciculus truncobulbaris 12

Connexus cum fasciculo atrioventriculari

SINUS VENOSUS 13

Valva sinuatrialis 13

Valvula sinuatrialis dextra

Valvula sinuatrialis sinistra

M. pectinati valvae l4

Septum sinus venosi 17

Ostium venae cavae caudalis l3

Ostium venae cavae cranialis dextrae13

Ostium venae cavae cranialis sinistrae13

ATRIUM DEXTRUM (Fig. 12.2)

Auricula dextra

Cavitas atrii dextri

Recessus sinister atrii dextri 15

Ostium sinus venosi 13

Ostium venae cavae cranialis sinistrae

Ostium venae proventricularis cranialis16

Ostia venarum cardiacarum

Foramina venarum minimarum 25

Septum sinus venosi17

VENTRICULUS DEXTER (Fig. 12.2)

Cavitas ventriculi dextri

Ostium atrioventriculare dextrum

Valva atrioventricularis dextra18

Conus arteriosus [Infundibulum]

Ostium trunci pulmonalis

Valva trunci pulmonalis19

Valvula sernilunaris sinistra

Valvula sernilunaris dextra

Valvula sernilunaris dorsalis

Foramina venarum rninimarum25

ATRIUM SINISTRUM (Fig. 12.2)

Auricula sinistra

Cavitas atrii sinistri

Ostium venae pulmonalis dextrae20

Ostium venae pulmonalis sinistrae20

Camera pulmonalis21

Valva venae pulmonalis22

Foramina venarum rninimarum25

VENTRICULUS SINISTER (Fig. 12.2)

Cavitas ventriculi sinistri

Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum

Val va atrioventricularis sinistra23 .

Cuspis sinistra

Cuspis dextra23

Cuspis dorsalis

Vestibulum aortae

Ostium aortae

Bulbus aortae24

Valva aortae24

Valvula semilunaris sinistra

Valvula semilunaris dextra ventralis

Valvula semilunaris dextra dorsalis